An ultra-highly sensitive LITES sensor based on multi-pass cell with ultra-dense spot pattern designed by multi-objective algorithm

Yufei Ma^{1, 2},
Xiaorong Sun^{1, 2},
Haiyue Sun^{1, 2},
Ying He¹,
Shunda Qiao¹

1.
National Key Laboratory of Laser Spatial Information, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
2.
Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450008, China

Funds: We are grateful for financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62335006, 62275065, 62022032, and 62405078), Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund (Grant No. LBH-Z23144 and LBH-Z24155), Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (Grant No. LH2024F031), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2024M764172), Open Subject of Hebei Key Laboratory of Advanced Laser Technology and Equipment (HBKL-ALTE2025001).

摘要

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Abstract: Multi-pass cell (MPC) with long optical path length (OPL) and high ratio of optical path length to volume (RLV) can significantly enhance the detection performance of light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (LITES) sensor and facilitate system integration. In this paper, an ultra-highly sensitive LITES sensor based on a MPC with ultra-dense spot pattern designed by multi-objective algorithm of parallel nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (PNSGA-II) was reported for the first time. Five MPCs featuring different dense spot patterns were generated using this PNSGA-II algorithm. The experimental measured OPLs with an excellent RLV of > 20 cm⁻² closely matched the theoretical results, validating the PNSGA-II algorithm and our MPC calculation model as reliable guidance for designing MPCs with superior performance. An acetylene (C₂H₂)-LITES sensor system was constructed using the designed MPC with an actual OPL of 80.14 m. A self-designed round-head quartz tuning fork (QTF) with resonant frequency of 9.5 kHz was used as the detector. The C₂H₂-LITES sensor demonstrated good linear response to C₂H₂ concentration. The achieved minimum detection limit (MDL) for the C₂H₂-LITES sensor was 4.78 ppb, which has a 3.45-fold enhancement when compared to the standard commercial QTF with resonant frequency of 32.768 kHz. Furthermore, according to Allan deviation analysis, the MDL could improve to 891 ppt at an average time of 200 s, demonstrating its ultra-highly sensitive detection performance.

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doi: 10.1186/s43074-025-00187-2

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An ultra-highly sensitive LITES sensor based on multi-pass cell with ultra-dense spot pattern designed by multi-objective algorithm

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doi: 10.1186/s43074-025-00187-2

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An ultra-highly sensitive LITES sensor based on multi-pass cell with ultra-dense spot pattern designed by multi-objective algorithm

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PhotoniX

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