Photon avalanche nanomaterials: from spark to surge

Chang Liu; Yuzheng Wang; Yixun Fan; Liangliang Liang

doi:10.1186/s43074-025-00209-z

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Chang Liu, Yuzheng Wang, Yixun Fan, Liangliang Liang. Photon avalanche nanomaterials: from spark to surge[J]. PhotoniX. doi: 10.1186/s43074-025-00209-z

Citation:

Chang Liu, Yuzheng Wang, Yixun Fan, Liangliang Liang. Photon avalanche nanomaterials: from spark to surge[J]. PhotoniX. doi: 10.1186/s43074-025-00209-z

Chang Liu, Yuzheng Wang, Yixun Fan, Liangliang Liang. Photon avalanche nanomaterials: from spark to surge[J]. PhotoniX. doi: 10.1186/s43074-025-00209-z

Citation:

Chang Liu, Yuzheng Wang, Yixun Fan, Liangliang Liang. Photon avalanche nanomaterials: from spark to surge[J]. PhotoniX. doi: 10.1186/s43074-025-00209-z

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Photon avalanche nanomaterials: from spark to surge

doi: 10.1186/s43074-025-00209-z

1.
Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiang’an Campus, Xiamen University, Xiang’an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China

Funds: We would like to acknowledge the kind invitation and support from the PhotoniX editorial office.

Received Date: 2025-09-04
Accepted Date: 2025-11-06
Rev Recd Date: 2025-10-24

Available Online: 2025-11-10

Abstract

Abstract

Photon avalanche (PA) upconversion, driven by a positive feedback loop that couples nonresonant ground-state absorption (GSA), resonant excited-state absorption (ESA), and highly efficient cross-relaxation (CR), gives rise to a threshold-triggered ultrahigh optical nonlinearity accompanied by uniquely prolonged rise-time dynamics. From spark to surge, this phenomenon can deliver tens to even hundreds of nonlinear orders at the nanoscale, redefining opportunities in imaging, sensing, and optical computing while opening a new paradigm for interrogating light–matter interactions.
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References(19)

References

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